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Objective To understand the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes and its associated factors among rural resi-dents in Chongqing ,in order to provide the evidence for conducting non-communicable disease prevention and control in rural area . Methods Rural residents aged above 18 years old were sampled by multi-stage stratified random sampling .The resident sampled was interviewed with the structured questionnaire by face-to-face and examined body weight ,height ,blood pressure ,waist circum-ference .The blood sample was taken to test fasting glucose ,2 h glucose .The associated factors of hypertension and diabetes were i-dentified by Chi-square test and the independent factors of hypertension and diabetes were identified by Logistic regression .Results A total of 2 406 rural residents were interviewed .The amount of salt in taking and oil in taking per person per day self-reported was 6 .7 g and 44 .4 g .The proportion of smoking among rural residents was 21 .0% .The proportion of alcohol use in the past 12 months was 22 .4% .32 .6% of interviewees participated in the regular physical activity .The proportion of overweight and obesity a-mong rural residents was 25 .4% and 6 .2% .The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was 22 .0% and 9 .4% .The independent factor of hypertension was age(OR = 1 .83 ,95% CI :1 .68 - 1 .98) ,education level(OR = 0 .67 ,95% CI :0 .55 - 0 .82) ,body index(OR= 1 .68 ,95% CI :1 .44 - 1 .96) ,blood glucose(OR = 0 .60 ,95% CI :0 .51 - 0 .70) .The independent factor of diabetes was age(OR =1 .33 ,95% CI :1 .20 - 1 .48) ,gender(OR = 1 .48 ,95% CI :1 .11 - 1 .98) ,education level(OR = 0 .77 ,95% CI :0 .60 - 0 .98) ,body in-dex(OR = 1 .40 ,95% CI :1 .16 - 1 .70) and blood pressure(OR = 0 .77 ,95% CI :0 .64 - 0 .93) .Conclusion The prevalence of hyper-tension and diabetes was high .The risk factors such as unhealthy diet ,physical inactivity ,smoking ,harmful alcohol use ,overweight and obesity is common among rural residents .It should be attached an importance on non-communicable disease prevention and con-trol in rural area .
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The risk of HIV sexual transmission is much higher among people unaware of their HIV status than among those aware. Only a few studies have indicated that the incidence of unsafe sex can be reduced when people know their HIV status. This study was to investigate this effect in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cohort study consisting of two surveys was conducted at two different times among a group of people living with HIV/AIDS, whose status was newly diagnosed with HIV via sexual contact, in Shanghai, Chongqing, and Kunming. The first survey was conducted among 823 people tested positive for HIV before notifying them of the HIV status. The second survey was conducted among 650 HIV-positive people at six months following the first survey (after notification of HIV status). The scope of survey covered unsafe sex practices, number of unsafe sexual partners, and frequency of unsafe sexual behaviors over the prior six months. Unsafe sex is defined as unprotected anal or vaginal sex with partners who are HIV positive or whose HIV status is unknown.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The proportion of unsafe sex was reduced by about 85% after HIV status notification. The risk of HIV sexual transmission was 15 times higher among persons unaware of their HIV status than among those aware. Approximately 95% of new sexually transmitted HIV infections stemmed from 56% of the infected persons unaware of their HIV status in China.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Timely HIV status notification has the potential to significantly reduce unsafe sex among HIV-infected persons and reduce the risk for HIV transmission via unsafe sex.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Cohort Studies , HIV Infections , Epidemiology , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Unsafe SexABSTRACT
Epidemiology studies have demonstrated inconsistent associations between type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of malignant melanoma. To this end, the aim was to perform a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Medline, PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched up to February 2014. Cohort studies addressing the relative risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus on malignant melanoma were included in this meta-analysis. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was applied for quality evaluation. The pooled relative risks with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs] were calculated by using random-effects or random-effects model. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated by I[2] and funnel plot analysis, respectively. Data was analyzed using STATA 11.0. A total of 9 independent cohorts from 8 manuscripts were entered this meta-analysis. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was slightly associated with an increased risk of malignant melanoma, and the pooled relative risk was 1.15 [95% CI, 1.00-1.32] in diabetes compared with non-diabetes with significant evidence of heterogeneity among these studies [P=0.016, I[2] =57.6%]. For the studies adjusted for age, gender and obesity, the relative risks were 1.21[95% CI, 1.03-1.42], 1.17 [95% CI, 1.01-1.35] and 1.11 [95% CI, 1.00-1.24], respectively. For the population-based studies in which case cohort established, the relative risk was 1.85 [95% CI, 1.31-2.62]. Type 2 diabetes might be an independent risk factor for malignant melanoma. Further studies are needed to specifically test the effect, and fully elucidate the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms
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The Scientific Development Concept provides significant guidance for the discipline construction.This thesis discusses how to embody the scientific development concept in accelerating the all-round construction of disciplines in our unit from the aspects of general target,approaches and talents cultivation.
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Flexible management is an intellectual-oriented management of human resources in the new economy age. The paper introduces how it comes into being, what it includes, and its promoting effect on higher education management.